The effect of phospholipid on the biogeochemistry of pyrite oxidation, which leads to acid mine drainage amd chemistry in the environment, was investigated. Pyrite, the most ubiqui tous sulphide mineral, is principally respon sible for acid discharges from underground. Seasonal patterns of recovery evident in the fall after the summer treatment season reverted in the next spring after overwinter periods when sources were not captured. Nov, 2019 in a nutshell, acid mine drainage is a form of water pollution that happens when rain, runoff, or streams come in contact with rock that is rich in sulfur. Jul 11, 20 process of acid mine drainage geochemical and microbial reactions during weathering of sulfide minerals pyrite in coal, refuse, or mine overburden oxidation of sulfide minerals in the presence of air, water, and bacteria formation of sulfuric acid and increase in acidity solubilization of metals due to low ph 5. Amd comes mainly from abandoned coal mines and currently active mining. Enhanced immobilization of arsenic from acid mine drainage. The chemistry of amd is perfectly suited to concentrate its damage on streams and waterways. Acid mine drainage prevention and control options nural kuyucak golder associates ltd. Years of high flow resulted in degraded biological status when acid mine drainage capture was incomplete and metal loading had increased with runoff. Fundamentals of minedrainage formation and chemistry. Characterization of mine waste and acid mine drainage. Neutralization of acid mine drainage influenced lakes by organic additions.
Controlling microstructural evolution in pechini gels through the interplay between precursor complexation, stepgrowth polymerization, and template confinement. Source of acid mine drainage chemistry of acid mine drainage gen eration the weathering of sulphide minerals ac counts for most of the surface water and groundwater contamination that result from mining activities. Major environmental incidents caused by acid mine drainage. This acid leaches out metals in the rock, which can enter nearby. Amd is caused when water flows over or through sulfurbearing materials forming solutions of net acidity. Department of the interior colorado school of mines u. Provides the tools needed to analyze and solve acid drainage problems featuring contributions from leading experts in science and engineering, this book explores the complex biogeochemistry of acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils.
Acid mine drainage article about acid mine drainage by the. The south african government and nongovernmental organizations response to amd is assessed, as well the socioeconomic and developmental effects of amd. Acid drainage influence on the water and sediment quality was investigated in a coal mining area southern brazil. Pdf geochemistry of acid mine drainage from a coal mining area. Program for the mining industry pdf australian government handbook, 2007. The high acidity of acid mine drainage and the high amounts of dissolved heavy metals such as copper and zinc generally make acid mine drainage extremely toxic to most organisms pentreath, 1994. Sibrell usgs leetown science center, kearneysville, wv 25430. Acid mine drainage abatement and treatment plans odnr mineral. Releases of amd have low ph, high specific conductivity, high. Skaff mineral sciences laboratories 555 booth street ottawa, ontario k1a 0g1 july 1991 funded by.
Hardness is the concentration of divalent cations e. The chemicals allow copper minerals to rise to the top and stick to. These bacteria catalyse the oxidation of iron pyrite to ferric sulphate and sulphuric acid and increase the reaction rate against chemical via. Big wheeling creek in lansing, ohio is shown here in 1972, when it was polluted with sulfuric acid, iron pyrites, and other mine runoff. Current methods for the remediation of acid mine drainage. Waterquality criteria for some metals are hardnessdependent. Characterization of mine waste rocks and prediction of acid mine drainage amd play an important role in preventing amd. However, bioelectrochemical system bes is a promising technology to simultaneously remove and recover metal ions from amd. The chemical and physical changes to the stream from mine drainage result in. There are four chemical reactions that represent the chemistry of pyrite weathering to form acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage effects, types, plants, marine, oxygen. Acid mine drainage amd forms when sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite and marcasite, have been exposed to oxidizing conditions during mining and other excavation. Acid mine drainage mines built as early as the 1800s were developed in a manner which utilized gravity drainage, to avoid excessive water accumulation in the mines as a result, water polluted by acid, iron, sulfur and aluminum drained away from the mines and into streams results of acid mine drainage. The business case for the prevention of acid drainage.
Acid mine drainage, neutralization chemistry, water, sulphates publisher washington, dc. The south african government and nongovernmental organizations response to amd is assessed, as well the. An international workshop was held in september 1995 at the department for inland water research of the ufzcentre for environmental research. Sources of coalmine drainage and their effects on surface. At present, acid mine drainage continues to pose a potential problem in some areas, despite improved prediction and prevention techniques. Summary of passive treatment technologiespg 3 table 2. Many streams derived from acid mine drainage are largely devoid of life for a long way downstream. The chemistry and technology of magnesia fills the longstanding gap in the literature with a comprehensive, onestop reference to all things magnesia. Reclamation of water and the synthesis of gypsum and limestone. Western pennsylvania was once a great coal mining region. Sources of acid mine drainage at the company are from the oxidation of water and oxygen on the wall of rock at pit. Prepared by steffen robertson and kirsten srk, vancouver, bc.
Effect of phospholipid on pyrite oxidation and microbial. Metagenomic analyses were carried out to understand how the microbial community structure, which developed during the oxidation of pyritecontaining coal mining overburdenwaste rock owr, was affected by the presence of adsorbed. The sulfide minerals oxidize in the presence of water and oxygen to form acidic, sulfaterich drainage. The term mineimpacted water is used because it is more inclusive than terms such as acid mine drainage amd or acid rock drainage ard. The following winter, the mine workings and former ponds filled up with water from rainfall and began producing acid mine drainage amd as the ore reacted with the water. Wildeman billings symposium asmr annual meeting assessing the toxicity potential of mine waste piles workshop june 1, 2003 u. Thus, this study applied some simple testing methods to the. Acid mine drainage is acidic water laden with iron, sulfate, and other metals that forms under natural. Acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils wiley.
Exposure of these reactive sulphides to oxygen and water may result in acid generation. Acid mine drainage solutions for the mineral industry. This is a natural chemical reaction which can proceed. Chemical extractions, xray diffraction xrd, scanning 40 electron microscopy sem, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ftir were. Mine drainage waters in scandinavia and the united kingdom are of three main types. Process of acid mine drainage geochemical and microbial reactions during weathering of sulfide minerals pyrite in coal, refuse, or mine overburden oxidation of sulfide minerals in the presence of air, water, and bacteria formation of sulfuric acid and increase in acidity solubilization of metals due to low ph 5. Acidification is a universal problem at all mining sites in which oxygenated water comes in contact with sulfide minerals or other reduced sulfur compounds. When mine and mine waste drainage have neutral ph, with a high concentration of dissolved metals, they are called neutral or alkaline mine drainage lottermoser, 2010. Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage amd, or acid rock drainage ard is the. Environmental assessment of acid mine drainage pollution.
It provides a background to amd and its impactsfrom a social science perspective. Acid mine drainage overview acid rock drainage ard is produced by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, chiefly iron pyrite or iron disulfide fes2. Acid mine drainage research acid mine drainage amd has been the subject of intensive research since the 1960s. In most cases, this acid comes primarily from oxidation of iron sulfide fes2, also known as pyrite or fools gold, which is often found in conjunction with valuable metals.
The rates of chemical reactions equations 2, 3, and. You can see from equation 1 that in order for these reactions to happen, the pyrite must be exposed to both air and mining is one of south africas most important industries, but it comes with a cost. Acid mine drainage prediction compares acid rock drainage factors of waste rock piles and tailings impoundments. The chemistry of conventional and alternative treatment.
Implications for acid generation during in situ mining of seafloor hydrothermal vent deposits. Neuware acid mine drainage amd isamong the most significant environmental challenges facing the mining industry worldwide. This occurs along outcrops or scree slopes where sulfidebearing rock is naturally weathered. Download product flyer is to download pdf in new tab. Twentythree water samples and three yellow boy samples were obtained from different water bodies located at the foot of the ngwenya mountain on top of which the old ngwenya iron ore mine is located. Then, when the runoff meets a stream and becomes diluted or contacts carbonate rocks, the slightly higher ph causes feoh 3 to precipitate. Bioremediation of acid mine drainage using sulfatereducing bacteria pdf 72 pp, 1. The primary cause of environmental damage from abandoned hardrock mine sites is acid mine drainage, which carries dissolved heavy metals and arsenic into surface water, soil and groundwater. The formation of acid mine drainage and the contaminants associated with it have been described as the largest environmental problem facing the u. As a result, the water becomes very acidic and damages downstream aquatic ecosystems. It occurs as a result of natural oxidation of sulphide minerals contained in mining wastes at operating and decommissioned mine sites. The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of. Acid mine drainage mine drainage rock phosphate silica coating pyrite oxidation.
In general, a larger influence of mining activities on the chemical composition of the. Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage, october. The role of acidophilic protozoa and other indigenous microflora. Acid mine drainage is a major problem with many hardrock mines, including almost all. This guidance document provides the framework for the acid mine drainage and. Guideline document for monitoring acid mine drainage. Groundwater monitoring wells from active mines and tailings piles showed ph interval and chemical concentrations similar to those of mine drainage. It describes how to predict, prevent, and remediate the environmental impact of acid drainage and the oxidation of sulfides, offering the latest. Acid mine drainage amd is currently the main pollutant of surface water in the midatlantic region. Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive chemical, used in many industrial. Volume 366, issues 23, 1 august 2006, pages 395408.
Contaminative mine drainage waters have become one of the major hydrogeological and geochemical problems arising from mankinds intrusion into the geosphere. Innovative treatment technologies notice this document was prepared by a national network of environmental management studies grantee under a fellowship from the u. Although a host of chemical processes contribute to acid mine drainage, pyrite oxidation is by. When the rocks made of sulfur are excavated from a mine surface or an underground mine, they react with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid. This book explores the fundamental chemistry of active and passive treatment of amd with coal fa and the detailed geochemistry involved in the. British columbia acid mine drainage task force bcamdtf, 1989. Mineralogical transformations controlling acid mine. Geochemistry of acid mine drainage from a coal mining area.
This book has now been published by wileyblackwell. Clean water was successfully reclaimed from acid mine drainage treatment. Acid mine drainage amd is produced when o 2rich surface water infiltrates mine works or waste rock. Here, we show for the first time that detrital clay minerals originating from the partial weathering of coal mining waste substantially increased total as uptake by acid mine drainage amd sediments. Currently, most strategies for amd treatment merely focus on metal removal rather than metal recovery. Acidic mining lakes acid mine drainage, limnology and. Bioremediation of acid mine drainage using sulfatereducing bacteria list of tables table 1. Bioremediation of acid mine drainage using sulfate. Acid rock drainage ard is a natural process in which sulfuric acid is produced when sulfides in rocks for example, pyrite fes 2 are exposed to air and water. The formation of amd may be depicted by the following chemical equation 12. Although acid mine drainage is the most common impact of mining on water quality, the variety of mineral geology is such that there is no singlecharacteristic mine water. Fundamentals of mine drainage formation and chemistry kathleen s.
Acid mine drainage an overview sciencedirect topics. Yellow creek 2b bioreactor, water chemistry pg 11 table 3. The acid mine drainage may also contain high amounts of co2 which forms carbonic acid and further depresses the ph. Acid mine drainage amd has been a detrimental byproduct of coal mining for many years. Coal seam and adjacent rockassociated fes 2 phases are oxidized by series of microbial. The life cycle of acid mine drainage copper ore from arizona concentrating ground up rock is mixed with water, air bubbles and small amounts of chemicals. First, the very low ph of coal mine runoff zero to 2. Pdf acid mine drainage management in indonesian mines. Sources of coal mine drainage and their effects on surfacewater chemistry in the claybank creek basin and vicinity, northcentral missouri, 198384 u. Although hightech analytical methods have been highlighted for mineral characterization and quantification, simple testing methods are still practical ways to perform in a field laboratory in mines. Acid mine drainage amd is a typical source of environmental pollution ascribing to its characteristics of high acidity and heavy metal content. Acid mine drainage in south africa development actors.
Coal mining and coal combustion in generation of electricity produces various types of wastes such as, acid mine drainage amd and fly ashfathat require a form of management and remediation. Wheal jane pptp, water chemistry for entire system, 20002002pg 15. Principles and application john, wiley and sons, new york, is a textbook on the fundamental principles and application of the chemistry of soil and water, behavior and treatment of soil water contaminants, agricultural chemicals, acid drainage, soil water restora. Acid mine drainage amd can result when the mining process exposes mine wastes, tailings, or workings which contain quantities of reactive sulphides. This is a natural chemical reaction which can proceed when minerals are exposed to air and water. Mine acid drainage mad is the runoff produced when water comes into contact with exposed rocks containing sulfurbearing minerals that react with water and air to form sulfuric acid, dissolved fe and al, and other chemical elements blowes et al. Impact of acid mine drainage chemistry and microbiology on. Acid mine drainage amd is typically characterized by low ph and high dissolved iron. Acid mine drainage amd refers to the outflow of acidic water from a mining site. The remnants of this industry are still with us in the form of abandoned mines that underlay a great portion of the land on which we live, and in the drainage of acidic waters from the mines into our streams and rivers. The chemistry of conventional and alternative treatment systems for the neutralization of acid mine drainage.
In examining this table, it is important to note that diffusion of oxygen into water is slow and, therefore, oxidation of iron sulfide is inhibited until the water level drops, which can occur periodically or seasonally in some cases. Acid mine drainage amd forms when sulfide m inerals are exposed to oxidizing conditions in coal and metal mining, highway construction, and other largescale excavations. The samples were analysed for ph, electrical conductivity ec, redox potential orp and temperature t. The dominant fe species was determined using a uvvis spectrophotometer. Acid mine drainage amd is produced when sulfidebearing material is exposed to oxygen and water. Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage amd, or acid rock drainage ard is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weathering process but is exacerbated by largescale earth disturbances characteristic of mining and other large construction activities, usually within rocks. The major effects of amd are seen with respect to the. Engineering novel and improved biocatalysts by cell surface display. View table of contents for acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. This springerbrief focuses on acid mine drainage amd in the three basins in the witwatersrand, south africa. Acid mine drainage, rock drainage, and acid sulfate soils. Geochemistry of acid mine drainage from a coal mining. Handbook for constructed wetlands receiving acid mine drainage. Pdf acid drainage influence on the water and sediment quality was investigated in a coal mining.
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